Put the programmer in the stream. Don't interfere.

 A reference is needed for every child. What's more, the approval for the finishing of the individual data. From each of the parents. Let everyone fill out the questionnaire. The account is about how many boys and girls. Besides, by age. And in the areas of registration. Well, for schools. Distribute there, please, ordinary schools, lyceums and gymnasiums. No, advice cannot be issued. It's only 4 hours. Once a week. Yes, all educators should come. Of course, you also need to act in kindergartens. Any of you. Three times a week. And we don't like your costumes, we need less paint - what if parrots?

So, why are there no freshly baked productions? Where are the victories in competitions? What do you mean two months chasing papers collecting? What kind of creativity again? And why don't you hesitate on him? Which secretary should you hire again? What do you mean "I'm leaving"? Do you seriously think that you can manage besides us? Well, good luck.

Approximately this is how one infinitely benign manager of one infinitely excellent dance group described the activity “under the wing” of a government institution, sometimes explaining why he left “from under the wing”.

The incident wicked into the soul, because I was just conducting an experiment (next time) to rid other creative people - programmers - from non-core, but "such an important, necessary and obligatory work" - being in time.

What happens if?

I have deceived this experience more than once, in various brews - both on projects, and on development, and on factory programmers, and on rendering services after revision. Believe it or not, the result is always one each of the two.

If programmers stop worrying about deadlines, and only set tasks, one after another, without being distracted for any devil, then productivity will double. Accordingly, if you reconnect the schedule of "being in time" back, then the coefficient is smoothly the same - twice, only this time productivity is divided into it.

Well, and most importantly: the programmer still misses the same on time, although kill him. (a) what if it hits, because only sometimes, by accident. Or the cost of reducing productivity.

Everything is infinitely simple here. The truth that the programmer doesn’t know at all how much time it will take to solve the problem is not to be borne out - for this topic a lot of notes and books are consumed. If you functioned as a programmer, then proof is not required. There are, of course, throwing out - the same type, repetitive tasks - but these are actually exceptions.

In the main heap, our plowing encompasses such non-stop changing unknown, long-term flashbacks of aged tasks, surprises through subcontractors and updates of dependencies, design errors, etc.

How to plan to create this kind of work? Consciously, there are four of them - fantasies, reserve, size and flow.

Planning technologies

Fantasy is the application of mass production planning techniques to the work of programmers. For example Lean or MRP. This alignment is always used "classical managers", their exclusively separate caste - "managers". It is necessary to simply release the planned labor costs from the programmer, ignoring all his cries like “damn it, of course I don’t even know what I’ll face there,” and outline a specious sausage for the Gantt chart. And redraw every day.

Potential - these are approaches like the concept of constraints, sometimes an equestrian share is simply added to the planned labor costs, for each case. The six that came out and outlined something like a sausage for the Gantt chart. Redrawn less often, but almost always.

Size is when it’s not a deadline for completing tasks, but productivity. For example, this kind of approach is used in Scrum - anticipating the indicative haste of the installation service (in story points), it is possible to project the size of the service after the sprint (in these SPs). Accordingly, all sprint problems have one, each of the two same deadlines.

Chorus is when to consume exclusively speed. Problems are created in turn, the programmer sits down and solves one after another. The deadlines are not known, but they can be calculated - anticipating the haste and the number of the problem in the queue. The main thing is not to puzzle the programmer himself with calculating the term.

Pros and cons

There is no point in discussing the fabulous entrance - it does not work. Plus, it also creates constant, virgin stress and idiotic service after rescheduling. It is possible to live if it is not the programmer who ignites the rescheduling, but someone else, but this rarely happens. Naturally, the programmer is simply repeating every day with questions like “tell me the deadline”, “when will you finish this task? "That is," the deadlines have always passed, are you going to act in other words, no? In a natural, harmonious way, the programmer arrives at the reserves of time, he does not even decently know about any popular methods.

Stocks of slowness are saved through hassle, but they reduce productivity, due to the influence of Parkinson's law - plowing borrows all the time allotted for it. In some agreements, this entrance suits everyone - for example, for the sake of industrial programmers. True, before that time, the programmer will not happily quit - then, in most cases, he understands that his haste to serve is beyond market conditions.

The deadlines around this are met, that is, the stocks of time can combine thousands of percent of real labor costs. If a business or a process is built in such a way that the key factor is actually guessing in due time, then the method of reserving time is infinitely good.

Large methods, such as Scrum, impeccably double productivity by reducing the impact of Parkinson's Law and focusing on more or less realistic productivity, not fantasies and time reserves. However, a sprint is a deadline before the drum, that's why Parkinson's canon continues to operate, in its turn, saving time and trying to manipulate estimates (story points). People are consumed by people - both programmers and managers. Programmers want to be excellent employees. And managers are so addicted to calculating as excellent workers only those who "are on time", that although a few are on their heads. It will be elementary to call it all differently - like "all tasks of the backlog are correspondingly executed around the sprint, and there is nothing to facilitate here." Also, any KPI for this skill will come up, because the imagination is not rich.

There are no problems in the data stream, because their root cause is absent - a decrease in the programmer's service and attempts, one way or another, to set the deadlines for the implementation of work. The chorus protects the essence of the programmer's service - creativity. I would like, of course, to say that the choir is pure creativity, but this does not happen. However, the accuracy is noticeably higher. And productivity doubles again when compared to Scrum.

What's interesting: the defense of the programmer, or any performer of the work, is omitted in any of the methods mentioned. But with regard to programmers, protection is constantly forgotten.

What's in the database of any order

For example, Lean, oddly enough, is also based on the idea of ​​a flow, that is, invented for a pipeline. The idea is to design the service as correctly and harmoniously as possible. So that any performer in the chain, on the one hand, constantly had something to do with something, and on the other, so that there was no queue before him. Exceptionally minimal pressing work supply. For a programmer, this is one task. Remember the manager, a Lean lover, to convey this idea - he will not even understand what it is about, because he overlooked the disclosure about the protection of performers, sometimes he recited a note on Wikipedia about lean manufacturing.

Theoretically restrictions, what about the reserves, the defense of the executing link is a universally comparable postulate. Where programmers sit, they are almost always a bottleneck. What does the CBT say about the bottleneck? Specifically, it must be protected. Tidy up all non-core workloads (including the reduction in personal work), interfere with downtime, do not fill up kumekals with idiotic questions and meetings. Organize a choir service celebration of the speed with which the bottleneck functions. Well, managers-experts in TOC, admit it - a long time ago you thought about how to protect programmers through every foolishness?

And Scrum is all about flow. There, the principle "do not stir people to work" is elevated to an absolute, and is formulated in the claim to a large autonomy of the installation during the sprint. Later - please, come, see what happened, prefer the puzzles for the incoming race, poke around in the shower. During the sprint, don't breathe nearby. Who works in Scrum - what do you say? Nobody interests you during the sprint, huh?



Don't give a damn, flow is needed everywhere. So that the programmer sat down and programmed elementary. I did not calculate deadlines, did not fantasize about labor costs, did not mix priorities after often, did not walk for a meeting, did not participate in delusional correspondence and chats.

However, not much to spit, there is no flow anywhere. Whatever entrance would not be used, a manager, or a client, or some moron will find a reason to snatch the programmer from the harmonious creative flow because of some infinitely magnificent nonsense.

Into the stream constantly

Linux kernel 5.9 release.

 It's only been two months since the Linux kernel 5. 8 has been called the "greatest" kernel release, "and Torvalds has already published the newly invented release, this time version 5.

According to the reliable information of correspondent Michael Larabel, the kernel code contains 20.49 million lines, 3.58 million lines of comments and 3.72 million blank lines. The abundance of files with source code has reached 59 thousand. But ok, these are all numerical characteristics. What's new in the core? Lay out and see.

Hardware

For the RISC-V architecture, the creators added the help of kcov -, a debugfs interface for the sake of parsing the sputtering of the kernel verse, a sign of the well-organized kmemleak memory leak detection, stack protection, notices of transition and tickess operations.
For ARM and ARM64, the schedutil processor frequency throttling mechanism is enabled by default. To change the frequency of the chip, materials from the task scheduler are used, so that schedutil naturally rotates to the cpufreq drivers. In general, the frequencies are adjusted to the current load.
For Intel cards, they added support for chips based on the Rocket Lake microarchitecture and the initial support for Intel Xe DG1 breakout cards.
The amdgpu driver has added the initial GPU support AMD Navi 21 (Navy Flounder) and Navi 22 (Sienna Cichlid). In addition, today consume the help of UVD / VCE forcing video encoding and decoding engines for GPU Southern Islands (Radeon HD 7000). At this point, the AMD GPU driver is the most portly driver in the kernel with 2.71 million lines of code.
In the Nouveau driver, the creators added help for frame-by-frame testing of integrity around CRC support.
Added help from a large number of boards, gadgets and platforms starting Pine64 PinePhone v1. 2, Lenovo IdeaPad Duet 10.1, ASUS Google Nexus 7, Acer Iconia Tab A500, Qualcomm Snapdragon SDM630 (used in Sony Xperia 10, 10 Plus, XA2, XA2 Plus and XA2 Ultra), Jetson Xavier NX, Amlogic WeTek Core2, Aspeed EthanolX, five freshly baked shroud based on NXP i. MX6, MikroTik RouterBoard 3011, Xiaomi Libra, Microsoft Lumia 950, Sony Xperia Z5, MStar, Microchip Sparx5, Intel Keem Bay, Amazon Alpine v3, Renesas RZ / G2H.

Virtualization and harmlessness

For architectures like xtensa and csky, the help of limiting entire calls through the seccomp subsystems is attached.
When building the Clang kernel, there was a possibility of the option (CONFIG_INIT_STACK_ALL_ZERO) of self-initialization with a fresh value of all variables that are secured on the stack (when building, -ftrivial-auto-var-init = zero is specified).
The AP_CHECKPOINT_RESTORE capability-flag appeared, some allows passing the path to the matinees functions and restoring the state of processes without transferring additional privileges.
In GCC 11, consume all the capabilities required by the Kernel Concurrency Sanitizer (KCSAN) tool, designed to dynamically disclose race conditions within the kernel. Today this toolkit can be utilized with kernels that are concentrated in the GCC.
Eliminated programs to support 32-bit guest systems operating in paravirtualization mode near the Xen hypervisor board. Users should go for 64-bit kernels.

Paramnesia and whole services

The creators have tightened their protection through the use of GPL interlayers to link proprietary drivers with kernel components exported solely for the sake of modules under the GPL license. We have written in more detail about this here.
There was the help of the kcompactd mechanism for preemptive packing of memory pages in low-priority mode, some allows to increase the number of huge memory pages that are intelligible to the kernel. It is thanks to this that it turned out in 70-80 to simultaneously reduce the delays in the allocation of large memory pages after comparing with the packaging mechanism, some were utilized earlier.
Added help for compressing kernel manners using the Zstandard (zstd) method.
For x86 systems, the help of the FSGSBASE processor unit is attached, which makes it possible to declare and change the contents of the FS / GS registers from the user's place.
The allow_writes meteorological parameter appeared, some allows you to prohibit changes to the MSR-registers of the processor from the user space and to localize the path to the contents of the provided registers with read operations. True, there is happily no prohibition of writing after the default, but in the near future the creators will switch the path to "read-only" mode after the default.
The io_uring asynchronous I / O interface has added the perfect help for asynchronous buffered read actions that do not require kernel threads.
Modification of energy consumption in the core is provided today by remote devices, and not so much CPU.
The gamma algorithm for prioritizing threads within the kernel has been updated. The reborn flavors allow rational consistency across virtually all kernel subsystems when prioritizing for realistic timing problems.
The sysctl sched_uclamp_util_min_rt_default has been added to control the parameters of CPU frequency generation for realistic slow tasks.
Added fresh FAN_REPORT_NAME and FAN_REPORT_DIR_FID flags to the fanotify engine. They allow you to broadcast notifications about the parent name and the miraculous FID in the event of incidents of creating, pulling or moving directory ingredients not combined with object directories.
An additional significant upgrade is the sale of a freshly baked slab memory controller. As a result, it succeeded in shortening the memory used for the slab for 30-45%, optimizing the overall memory use by the kernel and reducing memory fragmentation.


Plowing with files and attritor system

A rescue mount function for Btrfs file fixing emerged. It makes it possible to standardize the path to all other settings for the sake of recovery. Self-optimization of performance was deceived, the possibility of using alternative images of audit sums, wonderful through CRC32c, was added.
Added the possibility of inline encryption (Inline Encryption) in the ext4 and F2FS file systems. This function helps to activate the encryption mechanisms integrated into the drive controller.
XFS adds inode flush in fully asynchronous mode. Moves around the execution of the memory clearing action are not blocked. Finally, they decided on a quota topic that did not allow respectfully following warnings about exceeding the compliant limit and restrictions for the number of inodes.
Ext4 includes a look-ahead load of block allocation "bitmaps". Self-optimization together with the recognition limitation allows to shorten the mounting time of infinitely large partitions.
The SCSI subsystem also features inline encryption based on integrated hardware encryption drugs.
For md / raid5 added meteorological parameter / sys / block / md1 / md / stripe_size for the sake of the STRIPE block size option.

Net

Netfilter introduces pre-routing rejection of packets.
Added the ability to audit configuration change events in nftables.
For nftables, the netlink API also adds support for anonymous chains, which are named dynamically by the kernel.
BPF now supports iterators for traversing, filtering, and modifying the elements of associative arrays (maps) without copying data into user space.
The new type of BPF programs BPF_PROG_TYPE_SK_LOOKUP is launched when the kernel searches for a socket for an incoming connection.
Added support for PRP (Parallel Redundancy Protocol). It allows Ethernet-based failover to be implemented transparently to applications in the event of a failure of any network component.
There are new possibilities for MPTCP (MultiPath TCP). First of all, this is an extension of the TCP protocol for organizing the operation of a TCP connection with the delivery of packets in parallel along several routes through different network interfaces that are tied to different IP addresses.


According to statistics, the new version contains 16074 fixes from 2011 developers. The total size of the patch is 62 MB. Changed 14,548 files, added 782,155 lines of code, removed 314,792 lines. Approximately 45% of the changes are related to drivers, 15% to code updates for hardware architectures, 13% to networking, 3% to file systems, and another 3% to internal kernel subsystems.

What is good, what is bad: will the unnatural mind have responsibility

 Is the unnatural mind capable of learning the moral values ​​of a human society? Is he able to perceive conclusions in situations, sometimes he must always think about the pros and cons? Can you promote a sense of right and wrong? In short, will he have a conscience?

These questions may seem irrelevant given that modern AI setups are ready to do quite a few tasks. But along the border of the development of science, his abilities are always greatly expanded. We already see that the methods of bogus reason are adapting in areas where the boundaries of "good" and "bad" conclusions are difficult to define, - for example, in criminal justice, that is, the selection of resumes.

In the future, we expect AI to take care of the elderly, train our kids, and perform many other tasks that ask for human empathy and moral understanding. That is why the question of AI awareness and conscientiousness is always more acute.

With this request, I stepped up to look for a book (or books), which would explain how people developed a conscience. And I would give a hint what information about the uncle's brain can help in creating a conscientious unnatural intelligence.

A well-wisher recommended that I study the book Conscience: The Roots of Moral Intuition by Patricia Churchland, a neuroscientist, sage and honorary doctorate from the California Institute of San Diego. Doctor Churchland's dissertation and my own game with her gave me a good idea of ​​the scope and limitations of brain science. "Conscience" shows how far we have come to understand the relationship between physiology and the service of the brain and the moral qualities of people. Yes, the dissertation sheds a source on how some kind of end still shines for us to go through in order to seriously understand that people acquire moral decisions.

The dissertation is scribbled in an easily accessible tongue and will appeal to those who are interested in exploring the biological basis of consciousness and reflect on the "humanity" of artificial intelligence.

Further, there is an infinite extract of what "Conscience" tells about the development of moral selection in the human brain. Since the AI ​​modification has actually been ripped off from him, the great knowledge of conscience will help us understand what an unnatural mind needs to study moral norms.

Education system

“Conscience is the uncle's individual opinion about what is fair or wrong. Usually, however, sometimes this judgment reproduces the view of the group, to which person belongs to himself, ”- scribbles the doctor Churchland in the book.


But how did people develop the capacity to understand what is right and what is wrong? In order to answer this question, the doctor Churchland holds us back in time, sometimes our main warm-blooded ancestors arose.

Birds and mammals are endotherms: their bodies can store heat. While reptiles, fish and insects, some cold-blooded organisms, the body adapts to the temperature of the surrounding environment.

The tremendous superiority of endotherm animals is the ability to collect shamovka at night and survive in a more unresponsive climate. But such creatures need much more shamovka for survival. This led to a series of secondary steps in the brains of warm-blooded mammals that were cooked up more intelligently. The predominantly notable modification is the formation of the rind of the host brain.

Kindling the leading brain is possible to integrate sensory cues and define speculative concepts about actions and things related to survival and procreation. She studies, summarizes freshly baked knowledge, remembers and continues her studies.

Kindling allows mammals to exist more resilient and not heart-felt to changes in weather and landscape. It is different from insects and fish, which are endlessly conditioned by the stable arrangements of the surrounding environment.

But, secondarily, the ability to learn is made up for by the fact that mammals are aroused defenseless and vulnerable. Unlike snakes, turtles and insects, which after hatching are ready to chase and function fully, mammals need a certain period of time to develop their survival skills.

Besides, their well-wisher depends on a friend for their survival.

Development of social behavior 

In the brains of all creatures of life consume a construct of retribution and punishment, which ensures that they are always exercising for survival and gene transfer. The Mammal Center has adapted this function somewhat in order to adapt to life in society.

“Throughout the evolutionary passage, the sensations of pleasure and pain to help survive have been reoriented to promote affiliate behavior,” Churchland scribbles. "Dignity has spread to a kindred but freshly baked sphere - attachment to one's neighbor."

The fundamental root cause of this change is the freezing of the descendants. Evolution required modifications in the mammalian brain in order to establish custody of children in the first space. Mothers, and in some variants both parents, tend to be born for everything in order to protect and nourish their offspring. Even for their sake, there is no benefit in this.


In the book "Conscience" the compiler outlines experiments to determine the biochemical reactions of the brain of various mammals, which reward social behavior, including custody of offspring.

“The social life of mammals is remarkably different through the lives of other social animals that lack kindling of the brain, such as bees, termites and fish,” scribbles Churchland. - The center of mammals is more flexible, less tied to reflexes, more susceptible to changes in the surrounding environment. He is prone to both long-term and short-term judgments. The community center of mammals allows them to navigate around the world in order to understand that they intend to work out what the rest of society is waiting for through you. "

Human social behavior 

The human brain has the largest and most complex cortex of all mammals. The center of homo sapiens is three times the size of the chimpanzee brain, with which we had a universal parent 5-8 million years ago.

An impressive brain naturally makes us smarter, but also asks for more noble energy costs. Causality are we frozen to cover this high-calorie bill?

“The ability to cook food on fire was most quickly driven by a permissive behavioral change that allowed the hominin's mind to form beyond the chimpanzee's brain and quite nimbly to prolong evolution,” Churchland scribbles.


Learning to reward the body's need for energy, hominins froze, ready to do more complex tasks as a result. For example, improving social action and building collective hierarchies.

It turns out that our behavior, starting to preserve moral norms and rules, is the result of a war after self-survival and the need to earn the necessary amount of calories.

The obvious need for energy "does not sound deep enough, of course, but, nevertheless, such a realistic reason," Churchland scribbles in his book Conscience.

Our genetic evolution has benefited the development of social behavior. Moral norms seemed like conclusions for our needs. And we, humans, as if any other living creatures, obey the laws of evolution, which Churchland describes as "a blind process, some, apart from any mission, walks with an already existing structure." The location of our brain is the result of numerous experiments and adjustments.

“Between the part of the brain that responds to self-care and the one that assimilates social norms, by the way, lies what we call conscience,” Churchland scribbles. “In this reason, our responsibility is such a“ construct ”of the brain, by means of which the instincts of self-preservation and others are reorganized into concrete actions by means of development, imitation and learning."

This is a very juicy and complex topic, and for all the benefits of brain science, some of the mysteries of human reason and behavior remain open.

“The fact that the ingenuous need for food has lost the majestic significance in the origin of human morality does not mean that solidity and conscientiousness must be depreciated. These virtues are first noble admiration and infinitely majestic to us, regardless of their humble origin. Actually they implement us as people, ”Churchland scribbles.

Artificial intelligence and conscience 

In the book "Conscience" Churchland discusses other topics, including the importance of teaching with reinforcement in the development of social action and the ability of the peel of the uncle's brain to engage in his own experience, philosophize over counterfactual judgments, exercise world modifications, make analogies, and more.

In fact, we use precisely this arrangement of reward that allowed our forefathers to survive, and rely on the uniqueness of our multilevel brain rind to make complex moral decisions.

“Moral norms appeared in the context of social tensions and were fixed for biological soil. Investigation of social practices is based on the system of solid and negative retaliation of the brain, and yes for its ability to solve problems, ”- scribbles Churchland.

After reading "Conscience", I had the seemingly invisible questions about the role of this moral compass in AI. Will the responsibility of the partially unnatural intellect become irreparable? If physiological constraints have pushed us to develop social norms and moral action, do we need similar conditions for AI? Do physiological experiment and sensory perception play a decisive role in the development of intelligence?

Fortunately, after reading Conscience, I had the chance to discuss these issues with Dr. Churchland in person.

Is physical experience required to develop conscience in artificial intelligence? 

As is obvious from the book of the doctor Churchland (and other studies of biological neural networks), physiological experiment and limitations play a great role in the development of reason and, accordingly, consciousness in humans and animals.

But today, sometimes we talk about artificial intelligence, we have a presence of software architectures, including artificial neural networks. AI in the topical figure is usually the chaste lines of code that are made for computers and servers and cultivate data. Will physiological experimentation and constraints be sufficient to develop a positively human AI that is gifted to appreciate and respect the moral norms of society?

“It's hard to see how flexible AI plowing can become, given that the anthropotomy of the apparatus is infinitely different from the anatomy of the brain,” healer Churchland said in our conversation. - In the case of biological systems, the resolving property is the structure of the reward, the structure of teaching with reinforcement. Feelings of solid and negative retribution are needed to gain insight into the surrounding environment. This may not be the case in the case of unnatural neural networks. We just don't know about it. "

The doctor said that we still don't know how the brain thinks.

“With this knowledge, we might not need to reproduce whatever the biological brain in artificial intelligence, whatever, in order to insist such behavior,” she added.

Churchland recalled that the original AI community rejected neural networks. But as a result, I realized them to be quite effective, sometimes neural connections presented their stock in the implementation of computational tasks. Despite the fact that progressive neural connections are fundamentally inferior to the capabilities of the human brain, sometime surprises can await us.

“We know that mammals with a developed host brain skin, retaliation and biological neural networks can engage and structure information without a huge amount of data,” she said. “For today, an unnatural neural line is possible to exist as excellent for identifying faces as it is in vain for classifying mammals. Mastery can exist elementary in numbers. "

Do we need to replicate the subtle physical differences of the brain in AI?

One of the conclusions I made after reading Consciousness was that people naturally agree with the social norms of society, but sometimes challenge them. Both the unique location of the human brain, and the genes that we inherited from our parents, and the experience we gain, allow us to engage in a thin setting of moral guidelines. People can revise the previously set moral norms and laws, and yes, invent new ones.

One of the most widely disseminated peculiarities of the unnatural reason is its reproducibility. Sometimes you organize an AI gamma algorithm, you can replicate countless amounts of it at once and deploy it to any number of devices. All of them will act identically after the final options of the neural networks. Today the question is being tied: if all AIs are equal, will they be static in their own social action and therefore the holiday of flexibility is resolved, which describes the dynamics of social progress of society?

“Until we have a perfect idea that the brain is functioning, this question will be difficult to answer,” Churchland said. - We know that in order to inherit an intricate account through a neural network, it does not really need to have such biological elements as mitochondria, ribosomes, proteins and membranes. How many again can it not be? We do not know…. Without data, I'm just the next person verbalizing an opinion. And I have no data, which would say: you need to imitate such and such schemes in the arrangement of teaching with reinforcement, in order to organize a more human neural network. "

Much still shines for us to learn about a human conscience. Even more about whether it is applied to the technologies of an unnatural mind and how exactly.

“We don't know exactly what the brain is doing; sometimes we learn to maintain balance in the headstand,” Churchland writes in Conscience magazine. "Once again, we know less about what the brain is doing, sometimes we are trained to find balance in a socially complex world."

YouTube will allow products from their videos to be sold steadily on the platform

 YouTube has thrown the test of a feature that allows users to purchase products straight from video hosting videos. Creators of such videos can now resort to YouTube software provisioning for labeling and monitoring their products.

It is assumed that the software will operate seamlessly with the tools of Google specialists.

As noted by the sources, the site will become a "catalog of goods", with which it will be possible to get acquainted when watching videos and immediately buy.

As confirmed on the platform itself, the experience is positively conducted, but with a small number of videos.

Ahead, if the calculation is successful, YouTube will be able to compete with Amazon and Alibaba. However, the mechanism of extraction by hosting came through the merchant is happily not disclosed.

Among other things, YouTube is testing integration with Canadian online and retail software developer Shopify. The test was thrown at the end of 2019. Video creators were recommended to display up to 12 products for sale under commercials.

Hanging Facebook threw the Shops service. Merchants can define a literal mark for products, distribute online catalogs, and exchange the formation of conditional storefronts. The Brethren stated that the options would be free and available to any organization. The launch of such a plan was interpreted by the need to support a tiny business during a pandemic. Consumer assistance is performed via Messenger, WhatsApp or Instagram personal information. Next, Facebook announced the launch of an electrical payment service on WhatsApp, happily in test mode. Forwarding banknotes or making payments will be free of charge for the sake of personal users.

Hynix unveils world's first DDR5 DRAM

 The Korean fraternity Hynix has unveiled the first-of-its-kind operational paramnesia of the DDR5 stereotype to the public, according to the company's official blog.

According to SK hynix, the freshly baked paramnesia guarantees the haste transmission provided at 4.8-5.6 Gbps for contact. That's 1.8 times the baseline for early-gen DDR4 memory. With all this, the culprit claims that the voltage on the bar has been reduced from 1.2 to 1.1 V, which, in turn, increases the energy efficiency of DDR5 modules. Yes, ECC - Error Correcting Code help was implemented. As stated, due to this function, the authority of the service of additions will increase by 20 at a time compared to the memory of the early generation. The elementary memory size of the board is announced for the 16 GB spirit level, the large one - 256 GB.

The freshly baked paramnesia was invented according to the JEDEC Solid State Technology Association stereotype specification, some posted on July 14, 2020. Unanimously with the old JEDEC announcement, the DDR5 classification maintains a double obvious channel than DDR4, because it consumes up to 6.4 Gbps in DDR5 versus the current 3.2 Gbps in DDR4. With all this, the start of the stereotype will be "smooth", in other words, the main levels, as planned by the organization and as shown by SK hynix, are faster in the warehouse only for 50% after comparing with DDR4, because they have a power output of 4.8 Gbit / s

Unanimously announced, the brethren are ready to start a large release of memory modules of the freshly baked standard. All preparatory milestones and tests, including testing by foreign manufacturers of the main processors, have been passed, and the company is stepping up its offensive workings and the resale of a freshly baked type of memory as soon as the equipment meets the specifications. In the study of freshly baked memory, the Intel brothers were passionately involved.

Intel's involvement is no coincidence. Hynix says that while the main consumer of new generation memory, in their opinion, will be data centers and the server segment as a whole. Intel still dominates this market, and in 2018 - it was then that the active stage of collaboration and testing of new memory began - was the undisputed leader in the processor segment.

Jonghoon Oh, executive vice president and chief marketing officer for Sk hynix stated:

SK hynix will focus on the fast growing premium server market, strengthening its position as the leading server DRAM company.


The main stage of entering the market of the new memory is designed for 2021 - it is then that the demand for DDR5 will begin to grow, and at the same time the equipment capable of working with the new memory will "fit" for sale. Synopsys, Renesas, Montage Technology and Rambus are currently working with SK hynix to build the ecosystem for DDR5.

By 2022, SK hynix predicts a 10% share of DDR5 memory, and 43% of the RAM market by 2024. True, it is not specified whether it means server memory, or the entire market, including desktops, laptops and other devices.

The company is confident that its development, and the DDR5 standard in general, will be extremely popular among specialists working with big data and machine learning, among high-speed cloud services and other consumers for whom the speed of data transfer inside the server itself is important.

Entertaining view because of the landing pages.

 The very word "landing" is a myth. A kind of vague entity that passes off superficial local work as a high-quality and full-scale project. Ten years ago, a simple text markup for placing graphics and content was called a landing page. Further, this understanding was transformed into a landing page for issuance as a result of search engine ranking. After that, the same landing page began to be used in general for all occasions, and in the end it turned into a stand-alone product that, at minimal cost (both financial and semantic), replaced a full-size website. Moreover, the information part remained only by 5%, everything else was replaced by blocks that do not carry practically any intellectual load, except for some pseudo-visualization. Let's figure out why evolutionarily it happened that this penny craft was perceived as a separate development.

If you keep the history from the very beginning of the implementation of web resources, then it should be noted that in the generally accepted understanding - an adequate commercial site was a multi-page information library, representing the main page with a presentation of the main theses about the company's services, which were subsequently logically multiplied and detailed on the internal pages. For example, if a company had several thematic sections, each of which contained several products from a certain area, this meant that the site, by definition, would have at least a couple of dozen pages with different content. To this you need to add static pages with general information - "About the Company", "Contacts", "Partners" and so on. Any full-size site, like Lenin in October, claimed a similar logic, and the developers followed this logic unswervingly. The task was especially simplified with the advent of engines, which in the first archaic were a set of scripts that could seriously simplify management and administration.

Mentioning a resource with less than ten pages in a table conversation was considered a sign of poverty in the Volga region. If the customer did not have enough money to create a twenty-page website, then neighbors, relatives and even aunt Sarah from Zavolzhsk began to spit on his shadow. A visitor who is rosy as pizza entering the site would simply fall into a stupor and stealthily looking back at his wife's opinion, would have striven to quickly close the page with such squalor. Then, standing by the refrigerator, he would drink wheat sobering valerian for a long time with the thought - “Saint Depardieu saint, what have I seen now?”.

It was understandable and just as sensible. When the customer came to the developer, two mafiosi of the Tony Montana level met. Well, why shouldn't one highly respected don give pleasure to another, no less respected don?

The developer of the site was equal to a Chinese tangerine, which was carried on a stretcher through a crowd of grimy peisans, and he could contemplate on them from above, lying on silk pillows. Sometimes his lips parted in a contemptuous grin and his eyelids closed languidly, falling into deep bliss. The developer was king and god. But he made a high-quality unique product. There was a virtual world that stood on three turtles, originally from the big bang. The site should be multi-page, like toilet paper in a Cambodian toilet! This is the law!

But over time, the essence of earning has changed, especially after some virtual constructors and sets of scripts appeared, which allowed everyone to break into the secret world of website publishing. Ready-made blocks with informative content appeared, it became convenient to make catalogs, descriptions, presentations of photo galleries, and so on. If before everything was complicated and unique, now everything has become simple and the same. Blocks, dull as saucers, filled the entire Runet. If earlier the site was supposed to be absolutely unique and the customer zealously followed its production, now the template has become the father of the table.

Stereotypedism has become the rule of good manners, and the simplicity of creating your own website has become a deceptive but extremely convenient drug that attracts dozens of young entrepreneurs. Everyone began to slowly forget that a website should reflect the personality of your own business and pursue the goal of becoming the first among equals.

At the same time, a huge army of professional, but talented young adventurers rushed into the development niche, offering services for creating web resources based on templates or by the simplest assembly from blocks. The market pouted, sat down and grunted. Tens of thousands of proposals, absolutely mirrored in vain repeating each other, poured into the market. The differences are minimal. Except for the color of the cap and basement, practically nothing changes in the lion's share of resources.

On the one hand, it really became convenient. The minimum cost from the customer and your own website already exists. For a huge part of the performers who work for a small share, diligently dumping is also a profit. Work for a couple of three hours, and what no couple of thousand are already in your pocket (rubles of course). On the other hand, some individuality has disappeared, which was originally inherent in the works of this industry. Rather, it remained, but only for those companies that keep the price tag for development at a very decent level.

And it's easier to create ten simple one-page leads for receiving leads than one solid detailed resource. But it is necessary to clarify that, in turn, a juicy resource, in terms of attractiveness for a potential client, will be a cut above the standard template. The conversion of a visitor into an interested potential client will be colossally higher on a full-fledged web resource with intelligible and complete information.

In fact, at the moment, every minute there are truncated, unsympathetic template one-pages with a minimum of semantic load, the purpose of which is simply to present the name of the company and its field of activity. And by scattering empty, eye-catching lead magnets, leads are pumped up that are essentially of no business value. By the way, this is why a huge number of services are now flourishing to attract such contacts for relatively small amounts. The ease of creating and administering the simplest template pages with a whole bunch of marketing blocks of all kinds has spawned an entire industry of cultivating useless contact information in terms of end-sales.

After more than a decade, Intel threw off the advantage of its general competitor, AMD. Jeremy Laird tried to figure out where Intel came up for the wrong end and how the enemy would pay off.

 And exactly what happened to Intel? The once irrelevant athlete in the manufacture of processors and microcircuits immediately yields to competitors in almost absolutely all possible indicators. CPUs through AMD turned out to be more thoughtful, and manufacturing technology through TSMC is more efficient. It looks like Intel has absolutely gone astray.

Already for the bazaar of mobile PCs, where the culprit has been the irrelevant leader for decades, Intel processors dropped the freshly blended Renoir through AMD.

Circumstances are so bad that Apple has announced schedules to end its relationship with the manufacturer and start bleeding ARM-based personal chips. Worse, rumor has it that Intel itself is planning a partnership with TSMC for the sake of releasing separate product options once, including the first custom graphics card. Indeed, this can become a complete humiliation for the sake of the organization.

Or is it just speculation? Against all the difficulties, it happened that Intel earned an unprecedented amount of money for a year - 72 billion. Ultimately, the general problem of the manufacturer is that it does not keep up with the dynamics of demand from the side of the so-called hyperscale data centers. These are companies like Amazon, Microsoft, Google, Facebook, and others, which simply lack a sufficient number of Xeon processors. However, consuming significant began to believe that soon Intel would return to its previous rut ​​in comparison with the manufacture of chips and CPU microarchitectures.

How can one attest to the troubles and misfortunes of Intel in a nutshell? “10 nanometers,” I would say. And it's not so much the failure of chip technology - such arguments can be thrown down for any microarchitecture-developing company that has been resting on its laurels for decades. But 10 nanometers! This is a catastrophe.

By this “10 nanometer” consideration, we mean an electrotechnical move or assembly used to make computer chips. Theoretically 10 nm is the size of the smallest ingredients inside the chip. However, for practice, the names related to scientific and technical processes, and the actual dimensions of the components, for example, the gates of transistors inside the desktop processor, have ended up being compared from each other recently. And, most quickly, there is no such component inside the Intel processor, the size of which is positively 10 nm.

This lack of unconditional bondage between the size of the ingredient and the image of the site stops more problematic, sometimes the skill touches the comparison of scientific and technical processes of rival manufacturers. But more on this later. And now we are interested in Intel's 10nm process and its disadvantages. It was originally expected that it will be implemented back in 2015. Immediately now, the mother of my children is 2020, however, the set of provisions with 10nm chips is small. You will not be able to purchase desktop PCs or server CPUs built for the above technical process. Exceptionally mobile processors for the sake of laptops and tablets switched to 10nm technology, of course, only those with low and ultra-low power consumption. Others have upgraded to 14 nm.

These facts need to be analyzed taking into account the generally accepted stereotype of Intel itself - Moore's Law, and therefore it is necessary to consider the opposition to the laws of physics, which the creators of microcircuits have encountered in recent years. However, even huge adversities in the production of semiconductors can arise, sometimes separate transistors will reach the size of a handful of atoms and will obey obscure photonic effects, for example, tunneling. But this is a completely different story.

Probably all Intel's problems are combined with excessive ambition, moral obsolescence of separate production technology, perhaps complacency and lack of investment.

Intel's general manager Bob Swan said Intel’s difficulties with 10nm technology are “kind of a conclusion to what we have done in the past. Then we tried to conquer Victoria no matter what. And when extremely weighty times approached, we set even more fundamental goals. That is why it took us a long time to acquire them ”.

ncreased expectations from microcircuits

On the 10-nm scientific and technical section, this fundamental setting means the deepening of the density of transistors by 2.7 times. Rather, per unit area of ​​the crystal in a 10-nm node, there are 2.7 times as many transistors as in a 14-nm node. More specifically, the processors made after the 14-nm process technology hold 37.5 million transistors for a square millimeter, while as if in some square millimeter of 10-nm crystals 100 million are held. The main deepening of the density of transistors implements 10-nm technology significantly more fundamental in comparison with other technical processes.

Deepening the density by a factor of 2.5 and the passage through the 22-nm to 14-nm patterns were impressive, however, the passage from 32 nm to 22 nm led the deepening of the density by 2.1 times, and the transition from 45 nm to 32 nm - by 2, 3 times. Representation of the nature of these changes helps to chew on the differences between Intel nodes and nodes of rival vendors. For example, Intel's 10nm design assumes a saturation of 100.8 million transistors per square millimeter. This ratio is slightly higher than the TSMC ratio - 96.5 million transistors (later TSMC announced 113.9 million transistors for a square millimeter for an improved 7-nm process technology). All three 7nm sections from Samsung do not reach the 100 million mark.

The thing is that 10-nanometer development through Intel was infinitely principled - so much so that in 2017 the fraternity added a note "Hyper Scaling" to indicate the increased density. In retrospect, it is possible to argue that the expectations were too high. This is because Intel has prepared the final section for the DUV flow lithography base. In a nutshell, the size of the ingredients in a microcircuit is determined by the length of the optical wave used in lithographic processes. These processes etch the ingredients onto a given surface of the silicon wafer, and computer processors are cut from the silicon wafers.

This is not a bisector of dependence. The effect of yes can be shown by various techniques and auxiliary options, for example, masks used are valid in the property of a multiplier, which shorten the dimensions of the ingredients further than the practical optical wavelength.

DUV Chip Cooking Equipment utilizes 193 nm swell UV radiation. However, to consume the limit of the relatively density of the location of the transistors near the provided wavelength. Intel has exceeded that limit.

As a result, there is an unpleasant delay in production for almost five years. It's eternity in terms of Intel volume dynamics and Moore's Law. Already immediately consume the symptoms that the 10nm process is not classified what it is forced to be. So Ice Lake, the freshly baked tenth generation mobile processors, accelerates slower than their 14nm predecessors. Ice Lake's fastest 10nm processors, the Core i7-1065G7, generate a lot of haste around 3.9GHz, while the eighth generation Core i7-8665U is faster for a solid 900MHz. This is a hell of a lot, and therefore, for some reason, the production process goes wrong.

Another proof that the 10nm process did not live up to Intel's expectations is the duplication of weak 10th generation processors. Along with today's Ice Lake CPUs, the newly minted Comet Lake family is descending, and both belong to the 10th generation.

Similar to Ice Lake, Comet Lake mobile processors fit in low-power and ultra-low-power formats.

But in recognition through Ice Lake, Comet Lake utilizes 14nm, but not 10nm process technology, and extends to 6-core modifications around a high clock speed of 4.9 GHz.

As a result, already now you are offered the opportunity to purchase a subnotebook with a processor bearing the Intel 10th generation mark, however, what is inside the box may differ from the declared one. If the calculator is 2 or 4-nuclear, it is given the opportunity to exist weak or ultra-low-power. In addition, 10-nanometer or 14-nanometer. He is given the opportunity to build on the microarchitecture of 2015 Skylake ages or completely freshly baked - Sunny Cove, and also conform to Ice lake.

Microarchitecture difficulties

The Sunny Cove listing correctly brings us to another great failure of Intel - microarchitecture. Prior to the release of 10nm Ice Lake chips for ultraportable laptops last year, the horde of processors for desktops, laptops and servers relied on the 14nm process, which debuted in 2014, and the Skylake architecture, which emerged in 2015. Both have ruled a thousand times, however there were no chunky changes in the updates.

Above all, the dark phenomenon of the Nehalem microarchitecture in 2008, Intel could only recommend 4 cores for processors in popular PC modifications. This continued until the 2017 release of the Coffee Lake microarchitecture, an evolved version of Skylake, and a further increase to six cores. For about a decade, Intel has not increased the number of cores for commercially discarded product modifications.

In a little less than two years since the noble age, Intel raised the bar to 10 cores for popular desktop processors by releasing Comet Lake, a secondary updated Skylake tweak belonging to the 14nm processor family. It turns out that during 10 flights there were no shifts, and then a depression was created 2.5 times after the lapidary time interval. Nothing to do could lead to such a shrill increase in the number of nuclei after a long stagnation? The root cause for this is the origins of AMD's Zen architecture and Ryzen processors, the first of which ended in 2017. Without going into lengthy reasoning, Intel was lazy until, happily, it did not have a competitor.
Of course, with as many as ten cores, Intel is infinitely inferior to AMD, which currently invites 16 cores in the famous Computer with 3rd generation Ryzen processors. Their advantage is encompassed yes in that they are built for a 7nm process warehouse through TSMC.

In the mobile sector, Intel's circumstances are no better. The new line of 7nm mixed processors Renoir through AMD has eight Zen 2 cores with a capacity of 15 watts. Intel has managed to develop an exclusively 6-core Comet Lake Core-i7 10810U as a competitor. It is a processor with an exclusive clock speed of 1.1 GHz. The 15-watt Ryzen 7 4800U is packed with 8 cores and clocked at 1.8 GHz. Not a positive comparison.

Principle into the future

Here's a version of the charge. The years that have passed have not been technologically productive for Intel. George Davis, the company's chief commercial officer, spoke of the 10nm flop this way: “This electrotechnical site will certainly not be the best in Intel's history. It is less efficient than the 14nm process technology, and less efficient than the 22nm process technology. " But are the consequences of Intel's ongoing problems really so disastrous?

From the point of view of an economic perspective, for this question it is possible to respond positively - no. In the end, it is not so much the flowing arrangement, otherwise it is too bad, in fact, there is no difficulty at all. In 2019, Intel's earnings have delivered unprecedented numbers. Since mid-2018, the ages of its sales did not fall due to scientific and technical stagnation, and the manufacturer himself felt adversity with a satisfied view of demand for its 14-nm processors.

If you dig deeper, it is possible to come to your senses to the conclusion that along the last border the plot of difficulties is covered in the scientific and technical process. The number of cores in Intel server processors has clearly increased since the arrival of the 14nm era. Immediately Intel invites the whole 28 cores in some kind of processor die. that, the larger the cores in the same process, the fewer processors can be pulled out of one semiconductor wafer, which, in turn, can lead to supply constraints.

But, whatever one may say, Intel does not check any economic difficulties, but even this event seems to be the main reason, because the culprit might strike a grand protest against competitors in the design of products and technologies.

And this special effect is now visible. Ice Lake processors evolved into a freshly baked microarchitecture popularly known as Sunny Cove. It improves clock performance by 18% after comparing it to Coffee Lake, a refinement of the Skylake microarchitecture.

But even this is only a beginning. The decisive word in the renaissance of Intel's microarchitecture was the introduction of Jim Keller to the team, who led the category for microprocessor development.
Despite the fact that he is going to leave this rectifier after six months, it is impossible to underestimate the contribution, some of it can be transferred to the development of the company. Keller is one of the most respected, if not the most respected, microprocessor designer.

It became famous due to the development of the microarchitecture of the K8 processor, codenamed Athlon 64 and the main chip from AMD, which became a noble competitor to Intel. Later, Keller worked at Apple, creating photo designs for a series of in-house processors for the ARM warehouse, which then took the lead in the market for phones and tablets. In 2012, Keller returned to AMD, leading the development of the Zen microarchitecture and once again supplying AMD with devices to fight Intel. Following a laconic presence for the apex position of Tesla's electric vehicle builder, Keller took over as senior vice president of Intel in early April 2018.
Given the lag between the design and microarchitecture of processors and the launch of product marketing, it is highly unlikely that the new Sunny Cove cores inside Ice Lake processors are Keller's plow. This will undoubtedly be for the further post-Sunny Cove architecture of Willow Cove. It is planned to be released at the end of this age for the sake of a family of 14-nm backported processors, that is, using the "reverse transfer" of the freshly baked microarchitecture for the "old" technical process, Rocket Lake processors.

The Golden Cove microarchitecture will take an even bigger step forward and lay the groundwork for slated Alder Lake processors later in the year. But even Golden Cove has no way of conforming to a good Keller piece. To achieve the desired result, we need to wait for the Ocean Cove phenomenon, which will be exhausted in 2022 or 2023, however, Keller's quick withdrawal will mean that his influence on this calculation will probably be limited to some extent.

There is happily no overhead about Ocean Cove. Not long ago there were rumors that the productivity of the provided microarchitecture would be 80% higher than that of Skylake. Even though these are purely rumors, we know for sure that Keller has an ingenious formulary price list and that Intel has a monumental, cunning plan that is much larger than it did years ago. As Keller said: "We expect to multiply the number of transistors by 50 at a time and do our best to get the extreme out of each stack."

At the same time, the 7nm CPUs that follow the problematic 10nm processors will not face the same limitations as their predecessors. For the production of 7-nm processors, photolithography of the extreme ultraviolet spectrum (EUV) with a swell length of up to 13.5 nm will be used. Or, the 7nm process has completely changed. It will be seen, however immediately it is definitely possible to say that Intel's monitoring is extremely optimistic.
Intel plans to force the passage from 7nm to 5nm and beyond. From this we can conclude that the manufacturer will temperamentally improve the freshly baked technology in the antagonism of today's costly, even if this requires investments in research and development work. Above all, with the involvement of EUV lithography, Intel expects to return to the past rates of production - once every 2 years, activating the ages from the 7-nm process technology in 2021 and reaching the release of the 1.4-nm circuit in 2029. “I think EUV will help us get back to the pace with which transistors are increasing unanimously according to Moore's Law,” Davis said.

All this collectively assigned gives the impression that Intel is returning samples of the most advanced architectures and fastest processors. Whether this will happen is another question. Immediately, AMD is probably in a better position than Intel, despite the fact that the latter makes a lot of efforts. AMD's clever design of microarchitectures, including Zen 3 and Zen 4, together with TSMC's technology solutions, will help increase competition between the two manufacturers. However, we will not predict the defeat of Intel.
In the end, the final time, sometimes NetBurst and Pentium 4 ended their days and Intel's circumstances stalled, leading the Core family and primacy for the processor market during the decade.